basic electronics in english

INDUCTOR An inductor is an electronic component that possesses the property of inductance. It consists of a coil of wire, which stores energy in the form of a magnetic field when an electric current passes through it. Type of Inductor (1) Iron Core Inductor: When a ferromagnetic material is placed inside a coil as a core, the resulting component is called an iron core inductor. The presence of the iron core increases the magnetic flux associated with the coil, leading to a higher inductance compared to an air core inductor. (2) Air Core Inductor: This type of inductor does not use any core material. Instead, air acts as the core, resulting in a lower inductance compared to iron core inductors.

Capacitor A capacitor is a passive component that stores electric charge and is used as a filter in electronic circuits. It passes AC signals and blocks DC signals. It is made of two conductor plates with a dielectric material between them. The two plates have equal but opposite charges, with one plate having a positive charge and the other having a negative charge. The capacitance of a capacitor is measured in farads. Like resistors, capacitors are also classified into two main categories: (1) Fixed Capacitors (2) Variable Capacitors (1) Fixed Capacitors The value of a fixed capacitor is fixed by the manufacturer and cannot be changed. Some examples of fixed capacitors are: Paper capacitors Ceramic capacitors Mica capacitors Polyester capacitors Electrolytic capacitors (2) Variable Capacitors The value of a variable capacitor can be changed.

 Resistor A resistor is a passive electronic component that allows us to control the flow of current in a circuit. It does this by creating opposition to the current, similar to how friction opposes the movement of an object. Example: Imagine you have an LED bulb that needs 3 volts to operate properly, but you have a 9-volt battery. Connecting the LED directly to the battery would damage it due to the excessive voltage. This is where a resistor comes in. By adding a resistor in series with the LED, we can limit the current flowing through it, preventing damage and allowing the LED to illuminate safely. The appropriate resistor value depends on the specific LED and battery combination. Units: The unit of resistance for resistors is the ohm (Ω). There are two types of registers. (1) Fixed Resistor (2) Variable Resistor (1) Fixed Resistor - The value of a component is fixed by the manufacturer itself. For example, if the value of a resistor is 10V, then we cannot change this value. (2) V

 Transistor A transistor is an active electronic device composed of p-type and n-type semiconductors. It's used to amplify electrical signals and perform various other functions in electronic circuits. The invention of the transistor revolutionized the electronics industry. It was first invented in 1948 by American scientists Bardeen, Shockley, and Brattain. There are two primary types of transistors: (1) P-N-P Transistor  (2) N-P-N Transistor (1) P-N-P Transistor - P-N-P transistors consist of a thin n-type semiconductor layer sandwiched between two p-type semiconductor layers. This creates a three-layer structure: the central layer is called the base, the left layer is the emitter, and the right layer is the collector. (figure) (symbol) (2) NPN Transistor: -  In N-P-N transistors, a thin layer of p-type semiconductor is sandwiched between two n-type semiconductor layers, forming a three-layer structure. The central layer is called the base, the left layer is the emitter, and the

 P-N JUNCTION DIODE A p-n junction diode is a semiconductor device created by joining p-type and n-type materials into a single crystal structure. This junction carries majority charge carriers: holes in the p-region and electrons in the n-region. Biasing of a P-N Junction Biasing refers to connecting a device to a voltage source. Without a voltage source, no current flows. To allow current to flow through a p-n junction diode, it must be biased using an external voltage source. There are two ways to do this: (1) Forward biasing (2) Reverse biasing (1) Forward Biasing - In forward bias, the p-region of the diode is connected to the positive (+) terminal of the battery, and the n-region is connected to the negative (-) terminal. This allows for easier current flow through the diode. (2) Reverse Biasing -  In reverse bias, the p-region of the diode is connected to the negative (-) terminal of the battery, and the n-region is connected to the positive (+) terminal. P-N Junction Formation

 Types of semiconductors There are two types of semiconductors. (1) Intrinsic Semiconductor (2) Extrinsic Semiconductor (1) Intrinsic semiconductor -  A semiconductor with no significant impurities is called an intrinsic semiconductor. (2) Extrinsic Semiconductor - Adding impurities to a pure semiconductor increases its conductivity, resulting in an extrinsic semiconductor. There are also two types of Extrinsic Semiconductor. N-type and P-type N-type semiconductor :- When five-valence impurity atoms, such as arsenic or antimony, are added to a germanium or silicon crystal, the resulting material becomes an n-type semiconductor. In this type of semiconductor, electrons act as the majority charge carriers. P-type semiconductor :-  When trivalent impurity atoms, such as aluminum or boron, are added to a germanium or silicon crystal, the resulting material becomes a p-type semiconductor. This type of semiconductor has "holes" as the majority charge carriers. These holes act lik

 Semiconductor Certain solid materials exhibit electrical conductivity that falls between that of conductors and insulators. These materials are called semiconductors. Examples include silicon and germanium.

 Insulators Dielectrics are materials that poorly conduct electricity due to a negligible number of free electrons. As electric current relies on the movement of these free electrons, dielectrics are used as electrical insulators. Examples include wood, rubber, and paper.

 Conductor Conductors are materials that allow easy flow of electric current due to the presence of a large number of free electrons. These free electrons act as charge carriers, enabling current flow. Interestingly, the electrical resistance of conductors increases as the temperature rises, meaning their electrical conductivity decreases.

 Electronics Components Devices Electronic components form the building blocks of any electronic circuit. They come in various types, with some having two connection points (terminals) and others, like integrated circuits (ICs), having three. ICs, often used in surface-mount technology (SMT) and found in devices like mobile phones and computers, are just one example of the diverse components used in electronics. Generally, electronic components can be broadly categorized into two main types. (1) Passive components (2) Active components (1) Passive components - Passive components do not require an external power source to operate. Examples include resistors, capacitors, and inductors. These components are directly added to a circuit and function without needing additional power. However, unlike active components, passive components cannot amplify or process signals. (2) Active components - Active components require an external power source to function. Examples include diodes, transist