Certain solid materials exhibit electrical conductivity that falls between that of conductors and insulators. These materials are called semiconductors. Examples include silicon and germanium.
Transistor A transistor is an active electronic device composed of p-type and n-type semiconductors. It's used to amplify electrical signals and perform various other functions in electronic circuits. The invention of the transistor revolutionized the electronics industry. It was first invented in 1948 by American scientists Bardeen, Shockley, and Brattain. There are two primary types of transistors: (1) P-N-P Transistor (2) N-P-N Transistor (1) P-N-P Transistor - P-N-P transistors consist of a thin n-type semiconductor layer sandwiched between two p-type semiconductor layers. This creates a three-layer structure: the central layer is called the base, the left layer is the emitter, and the right layer is the collector. (figure) (symbol) (2) NPN Transistor: - In N-P-N transistors, a thin layer of p-type semiconductor is sandwiched between two n-type semiconductor layers, forming a three-layer structure. The central layer is called the base, the left layer is the emitte...
What is Electric Current? Electric current, measured in amperes (A), is the rate of flow of electric charge in a conductor. It is denoted by the symbol 'I'. One ampere is equivalent to the flow of one coulomb of charge per second. If a charge Q flows through a circuit for a time T, the current I can be calculated using the following equation: While electrons have a negative charge, the flow of electric current is conventionally described as flowing from the positive (+) terminal to the negative (-) terminal. The standard unit for measuring current is the ampere (A). Type of electric current There are two types of electric current - (1) A.C. (2) D.C. A.C- Alternating Current (AC) is the type of electrical current where its magnitude and direction change periodically. This is the type of electricity that powers most homes and appliances, like TVs, fans, and bulbs. AC is generated by rotating machinery called alternators. D.C.- Direct Current (DC) is the type of electrical curr...
Programming A program is a collection of instructions that dictate the behavior of a computer. The CPU processes these instructions, resulting in the desired output. These instructions are written in a specific language known as a programming language. In this chapter, we'll focus on how these languages are used in embedded systems. Later, we'll explore specific programming languages used in this field. Since embedded systems are designed for specific tasks, microcontrollers need to be programmed with instructions relevant to those tasks. For example, a washing machine has a program that controls the motor's rotation (clockwise and anti-clockwise) upon turning it on. Hands-on Learning: To gain a deeper understanding of programming and embedded systems, creating your own project is highly recommended. You can work with a microcontroller module and program it to control a motor's rotation in both directions (clockwise and anti-clockwise). We'll provide further projec...
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