Certain solid materials exhibit electrical conductivity that falls between that of conductors and insulators. These materials are called semiconductors. Examples include silicon and germanium.
Transistor A transistor is an active electronic device composed of p-type and n-type semiconductors. It's used to amplify electrical signals and perform various other functions in electronic circuits. The invention of the transistor revolutionized the electronics industry. It was first invented in 1948 by American scientists Bardeen, Shockley, and Brattain. There are two primary types of transistors: (1) P-N-P Transistor (2) N-P-N Transistor (1) P-N-P Transistor - P-N-P transistors consist of a thin n-type semiconductor layer sandwiched between two p-type semiconductor layers. This creates a three-layer structure: the central layer is called the base, the left layer is the emitter, and the right layer is the collector. (figure) (symbol) (2) NPN Transistor: - In N-P-N transistors, a thin layer of p-type semiconductor is sandwiched between two n-type semiconductor layers, forming a three-layer structure. The central layer is called the base, the left layer is the emitte...
What is voltage? Voltage, also known as potential difference, refers to the energy difference between two points in a circuit. This energy difference creates a force, called electromotive force (EMF), that pushes electric current through the circuit. In simpler terms, voltage acts like a pump, driving the flow of electrons (current) in a conductor. Higher voltage corresponds to a stronger push, resulting in a faster flow of electrons.
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