Microprocessors

 Microprocessors

Initially, computers were built using individual logic gates. This stage is called Small-Scale Integration (SSI). As technology advanced, Medium-Scale Integration (MSI) and Super Large-Scale Integration (SLSI) were developed, allowing the entire CPU to be integrated onto a single chip. This chip, also known as a microprocessor, forms the core of a microcomputer. Today, microprocessors are present in various devices, including computers, smartphones, and tablets.

The block diagram above illustrates the basic operation of a CPU. It receives instructions from memory, processes data accordingly, and displays or transmits the result to an output device following the program's instructions.

Example: When you enter an instruction like "2 + 2" into the calculator application, the input device transmits this instruction to the CPU. The CPU then processes it and displays the corresponding result (4) on the output device (monitor) or stores it in memory.

Main Components of a CPU:

  • Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): Performs arithmetic and logical operations on data.

  • Control Unit: Fetches instructions from memory, decodes them, and controls the execution sequence.

  • Registers: Temporary storage locations for data and instructions. These include:

  • Accumulator: Stores the result of the most recent ALU operation.

  • General-Purpose Registers: Used for temporary storage during program execution.

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